Constant Conservative

It is past time that the states remember that their power in many ways exceeds that of the federal government (under a strict reading of the US Constitution). Neal at Cato is having none of the argument that the federal government has the right to meddle with areas of law and governance which are not explicitly called out:

Unfortunately, Greg misses the clear point of both the Federalist and Constitution concerning federal-state relations. The federal government is given only specific, enumerated powers (see Article 1, Section 8) and all others are reserved to the states or people. It’s put that simply in the Tenth Amendment, and Madison was very clear in Federalist no. 41 that no reading of the Constitution, not even the vaunted “general welfare” clause, gives the federal government authority to be involved in anything outside of the specific, enumerated powers.

“For what purpose could the enumeration of particular powers be inserted, if these and all others were meant to be included in the preceding general power?” Madison asks. “Nothing is more natural nor common than first to use a general phrase, and then to explain and qualify it by a recital of particulars.”

As I continue this series on the Federalist Papers, I should note that once again, Federalist No. 4 is by John Jay and is an extension of the arguments which he began in Federalist No. 2 and continued through Federalist No. 3.

Officially the title of this paper is “The Same Subject Continued: Concerning Dangers From Foreign Force and Influence.” (I know, they must not have had editors who were reluctant to use the same headline twice in those days.)

Full text is available at the Library of Congress.

Within this paper, Jay addresses the details of the current state of affairs between the States and several foreign nations in support of a single national government to the end of protecting the people of the several states most effectively.

After reminding his readers of the topic at hand, the author states a truism:

[N]ations in general will make war whenever they have a prospect of getting anything by it; nay, absolute monarchs will often make war when their nations are to get nothing by it, but for the purposes and objects merely personal, such as thirst for military glory, revenge for personal affronts, ambition, or private compacts to aggrandize or support their particular families or partisans.

Ah, yes. People go to war for many reasons, but all of them based on desire. It does rather remind me of the “From whence come wars and fightings from among you, come they not even of your own lusts” statement in the New Testament book of James.

Now, on to a list of several things which were in the news (and may have even been addressed in the same newspaper and at the same time as Federalist No. 4):

With France and with Britain we are rivals in the fisheries
[snip]
In the trade to China and India, we interfere with more than one nation
[snip]
Spain thinks it convenient to shut the Mississippi against us on the one side, and Britain excludes us from the Saint Lawrence on the other

In short, “if you think we do not need to be concerned about working with other nations (and being strong enough to hold our own in any conflict which might arise” let me give you a few things to consider.

At this point, Jay goes back to the benefits (in essence, efficiencies) which can be gained in the international sphere by having a single, strong, federal government as opposed to many states or confederacies. The following is a particularly strong argument (in my own perspective):

What would the militia of Britain be if the English militia obeyed the government of England, if the Scotch militia obeyed the government of Scotland, and if the Welsh militia obeyed the government of Wales? Suppose an invasion; would those three governments (if they agreed at all) be able, with all their respective forces, to operate against the enemy so effectually as the single government of Great Britain would?

After hammering on the issue of common defense (to borrow a phrase from the Constitution itself), Jay sums up his argument, or at least this portion of it, as follows:

If . . . they find us either destitute of an effectual government (each State doing right or wrong, as to its rulers may seem convenient), or split into three or four independent and probably discordant republics or confederacies, one inclining to Britain, another to France, and a third to Spain, and perhaps played off against each other by the three, what a poor, pitiful figure will America make in their eyes! How liable would she become not only to their contempt but to their outrage, and how soon would dear-bought experience proclaim that when a people or family so divide, it never fails to be against themselves.

This last bit reminds me of exactly what happened during the War Between the States. Looking through the lens of history, one could say that Jay knew rather what he was talking about. Of course, by this time in his life, Jay was well experienced in matters political and diplomatic, being responsible to sort out the matter of whether the United States would be able to freely navigate the Mississippi (then under the control of Spain) among other matters.

Audio of Federalist No. 4 may be found at Americana Phonic. (If you’ve not listened to one of these, please do so. They are very well done and a pleasure to listen to.)

Books to Read

• The Federalist Papers at Amazon
• John Jay: Founding Father at Amazon

This third paper is once again written by John Jay. It is largely an extension of Federalist No. 2 in regards the need for unity among the citizenry, as evidenced by all joining together within the single national government.

The official title of this paper is “The Same Subject Continued: Concerning Dangers From Foreign Force and Influence.”

Full text may be found here at the Library of Congress.

Jay begins by telling his audience that they are smart folks:

people . . . [who are] . . . intelligent and wellinformed) seldom adopt and steadily persevere for many years in an erroneous opinion respecting their interests.

Of course, what he is doing here is claiming that smart people don’t make bad decisions and stick with them. Therefore, the decision to come together as one people within a nation (rather than separate states or confederacies) was a good one, so don’t mess it up now.

Shortly after this comes the part which addresses the most basic need for government:

preservation of peace and tranquillity, as well as against dangers from FOREIGN ARMS AND INFLUENCE, as from dangers of the LIKE KIND arising from domestic causes.

I would that our own modern federal government would focus on this: protection from without and protection from within.

John Jay follows this by laying out a case for a national government being comprised of the best of the best. In essence, stating that cream rises to the top. Then, he states that wars (the American Revolution being still very fresh in people’s memories) would of necessity be fewer for a variety of reasons which he elucidates as follows, if there is a unified national government rather than simply the several states or confederacies of states:

Because, under the national government, treaties and articles of treaties, as well as the laws of nations, will always be expounded in one sense and executed in the same manner
[snip]
Because the prospect of present loss or advantage may often tempt the governing party in one or two States to swerve from good faith and justice; but those temptations, not reaching the other States, and consequently having little or no influence on the national government, the temptation will be fruitless, and good faith and justice be preserved.
[snip]
But the national government, not being affected by those local circumstances, will neither be induced to commit the wrong themselves, nor want power or inclination to prevent or punish its commission by others.

In short, the national government has to look after everyone, therefore it will not engage in precipitous actions, whereas a state government might do exactly that. (I wonder if this would hold true when one considers that those who make decisions today at the federal level are so far removed from specific state situations that they seem most influenced by whoever has their collective ear, rather than the best interests of the nation or individual state.)

The author finishes this particular paper by a raw appeal to the need for power in international relations:

. . . acknowledgments, explanations, and compensations are often accepted as satisfactory from a strong united nation, which would be rejected as unsatisfactory if offered by a State or confederacy of little consideration or power.

Ah yes, make sure you have enough allies (the other states) on your side of the schoolyard that any bully who is there might think twice about coming over and throwing his weight about. Of course, the colonies had just defeated such a bully (as many of Jay’s readers saw it, in throwing out the British) under the auspices established by an earlier unifying document: the Articles of Confederation.

As always, here is the audio for Federalist No. 3.

Books to Read

• The Federalist Papers at Amazon
• John Jay: Founding Father at Amazon

This second paper was the first one of the series written by John Jay (later to become the first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court). In it, he takes a bit of a different tack than was Hamilton’s approach in the first paper. Jay appeals more strongly to a sense of unity and the simple rightness (or perhaps even practicality) of adopting the constitution.

The official title of this paper is “Concerning Dangers from Foreign Force and Influence.”

The full text of this paper may be found here at the Library of Congress.

Near the beginning of the paper, Jay somewhat forcefully takes his readers to task for forgetting what seem to be fundamental truths, including the fact that any government must get (take over) some rights from the people:

Nothing is more certain than the indispensable necessity of government, and it is equally undeniable, that whenever and however it is instituted, the people must cede to it some of their natural rights in order to vest it with requisite powers.

He also makes what, today, would be considered an unseemly appeal to a common culture:

With equal pleasure I have as often taken notice that Providence has been pleased to give this one connected country to one united people–a people descended from the same ancestors, speaking the same language, professing the same religion, attached to the same principles of government, very similar in their manners and customs, and who, by their joint counsels, arms, and efforts, fighting side by side throughout a long and bloody war, have nobly established general liberty and independence.

Of particular interest is the clause which speaks to “professing the same religion.” Jay does not elucidate that statement, since everyone reading the paper knows exactly what he is talking about.

Unlike Hamilton (actually, in some contradiction with him in Federalist No. 1), John Jay tells the people that those who put together this Constitution have done so from the purest of motives:

In the mild season of peace, with minds unoccupied by other subjects, they passed many months in cool, uninterrupted, and daily consultation; and finally, without having been awed by power, or influenced by any passions except love for their country, they presented and recommended to the people the plan produced by their joint and very unanimous councils.

(On a very minor language usage note, I see in the “very unanimous councils” an early relation to the “very unique” of today.)

After continuing on about those who have assembled the Constitution and pointedly explaining that this document is not being forced upon the people, but rather given to them for their earnest consideration, Jay makes a straightforward appeal to vanity (or perhaps just populism):

I am persuaded in my own mind that the people have always thought right on this subject, and that their universal and uniform attachment to the cause of the Union rests on great and weighty reasons, which I shall endeavor to develop and explain in some ensuing papers.

For those of you who learn best by listening here is audio of Federalist No. 2.

Books to Read

• The Federalist Papers at Amazon
• John Jay: Founding Father at Amazon

The very first of what we know today as the Federalist Papers was written by Alexander Hamilton. The full text of this paper may be found online here at the Library of Congress. Simply stated, this first paper is an introduction to what might be called a serious of articles in which the authors do their best to assure the public that the US Constitution is a document worth the support of those people whom it was crafted to protect.

The official title of this missive is “General Introduction.”

From the very beginning, Hamilton understood that while “the inducements of philanthropy” would help some to see the benefit of what was being done, the result would be less than perfect:

This idea will add the inducements of philanthropy to those of patriotism, to heighten the solicitude which all considerate and good men must feel for the event. Happy will it be if our choice should be directed by a judicious estimate of our true interests, unperplexed and unbiased by considerations not connected with the public good. But this is a thing more ardently to be wished than seriously to be expected. The plan offered to our deliberations affects too many particular interests, innovates upon too many local institutions, not to involve in its discussion a variety of objects foreign to its merits, and of views, passions and prejudices little favorable to the discovery of truth.

Or, in modern terms, he might say that good thinking should prevail, but there are too many special interests and selfish goals in play for him to consider this (establishing the new Constitution) to be as pure a purpose as he might like.

He goes on to say that some people will support the Constitution because they see it benefiting them directly, but we should not discount them as having good motivations also. Somehow this does not sound far off from how many of us view current elections, does it?

Then he follows with a statement which only confirms that he might well find himself surprised today to know that we have, in some regards, learned so little:

For in politics, as in religion, it is equally absurd to aim at making proselytes by fire and sword. Heresies in either can rarely be cured by persecution.

While he says “rarely,” I might say “never.” I wonder if he at all had The Prince in mind when he wrote those sentences.

After telling us that he understands the levels of passion to which such national discussion may rise, he makes a point which could apply today, 220 years after it was first written:

History will teach us . . .that of those men who have overturned the liberties of republics, the greatest number have begun their career by paying an obsequious court to the people; commencing demagogues, and ending tyrants.

Then, Hamilton shows his hand, telling the audience that he is frankly a partisan in favor of the new Constitution and he intends to lay out all of the facts, and let them speak for themselves. Shortly before closing this first paper, he provides his readers with a preview of what he purposes for future papers:

. . . to discuss the following interesting particulars:

THE UTILITY OF THE UNION TO YOUR POLITICAL PROSPERITY–THE INSUFFICIENCY OF THE PRESENT CONFEDERATION TO PRESERVE THAT UNION–THE NECESSITY OF A GOVERNMENT AT LEAST EQUALLY ENERGETIC WITH THE ONE PROPOSED, TO THE ATTAINMENT OF THIS OBJECT–THE CONFORMITY OF THE PROPOSED CONSTITUTION TO THE TRUE PRINCIPLES OF REPUBLICAN GOVERNMENT–ITS ANALOGY TO YOUR OWN STATE CONSTITUTION and lastly, THE ADDITIONAL SECURITY WHICH ITS ADOPTION WILL AFFORD TO THE PRESERVATION OF THAT SPECIES OF GOVERNMENT, TO LIBERTY, AND TO PROPERTY.

We now have the lens of history which we can cast upon 1788 and following and see that Hamilton and his colleagues were successful in pressing their argument for the adoption of the Constitution by the several states. However, at the time, it would not have been without reason for Hamilton to wonder if he would be able to win out against many newly-minted Americans who did not view the future in quite the same manner as he did.

For those of you who learn best by listening here is audio of Federalist No. 1.

Books to Read

• The Federalist Papers at Amazon
• Alexander Hamilton at Amazon